Skinive Accuracy Report 2021 at Social Science Research Network

Skinive’s accuracy report “Dynamics of the neural network accuracy in the context of modernization of the algorithms of skin pathology recognition” is officially published at Social Science Research Network.

www.ssrn.com

Skinive neural network uses a machine-learning algorithm to calculate the risk rating of skin pathologies. For this study, we used Skinive’s 2020 and 2021 versions trained on 64,000 and 115,000 images respectively. Three validation datasets were used to assess the sensitivity of the algorithm: precancer + cancer, HPV skin pathology, acne, containing 285 images in each set. The specificity has been calculated on a separate validation set containing 6,000 benign neoplasm cases.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the accuracy of Skinive’s algorithm.

We have improved the algorithm to show a statistically significant decrease in the number of neural network errors in determining the risks of skin pathologies.

The results of sensitivity and specificity of the Skinive neural network indicate that the algorithm is highly accurate in detecting various neoplasms and skin diseases. The sensitivity of the Skinive neural network in detecting malignant neoplasms was 89.1% and 95.4% in 2020 and 2021 respectively. The specificity of Skinive’s neural network in determining benign neoplasms was 95.3% in 2020 and 97.9% in 2021. For all skin neoplasms: in 2020, the sensitivity was 95.3%, for specificity 93.5%; in 2021, it was 97.9% and 97.1% respectively.

Download Full Report (PDF): https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3974784

Analysis of Skinive algorithm’s accuracy for risk assessment of skin conditions, based on machine learning algorithms.

Note: This is not the current version of the report!

Skinive improved the accuracy of the neural network in 2021 and published the data. The latest version of the report is available at the link – https://shatiko.pp.ua/skinive-accuracy2021/

Table of contents

– ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SKINIVE ALGORITHM TO ANALYZE THE SKIN LESION IMAGES
2.1 Nosologies & Classes
2.2 Neural network architecture
2.3 Data security
3. MATERIALS AND RESULTS
– CONCLUSION
– REFERENCE

– AI EXPERT REVIEW
– MEDICAL EXPERT REVIEW


Analysis of Skinive algorithm’s accuracy for risk assessment of skin conditions, based on machine learning algorithms.

Authors: ​K.Atstarov, A.Lian, V.Shpudeiko, A.Ahushevich, I.Lichko

Abstract

Background

Machine learning algorithms for medical imaging processing are now achieving expert accuracy and are being actively introduced into medical practice. ​However, there is no objective
assessment of the use of machine learning to classify skin lesions in a number of smartphone applications. ​The lack of objective methodologies and open data sets for evaluation of these
algorithms (as in case of e.g. Imagenet for general object recognition in images) hinders objective assessment by specialists and impedes the widespread use of this technology in public
health.

Objective

In this study, we experimentally evaluate the accuracy of Skinive algorithms and compare them with the previously published study on skin cancer risk assessment(1*).

Methods

This publication presents in detail the results of our smartphone application system. ​Skinive uses a machine-learning algorithm to calculate the skin pathologies’ risk rating. ​The algorithm
is trained on 63,955 images. All the images in the dataset have been assessed by dermatologists for risk.

To evaluate the sensitivity of the algorithm, 3 validation data sets are used:

  1. (Pre) malignant – 285 cases of skin cancer and pre-cancerous conditions;
  2. HPV – 285 cases of Human Papilloma Virus;
  3. Acne – 285 cases of acne, milia, rosacea.

We calculate specificity on a separate set containing 6000 benign cases.

Results

To simulate an experiment, the authors prepared validation datasets with a similar distribution of the number of images by nosology and used the Skinive neural network to analyze the images and classify the levels of risk, similar to the example below:

Level of sensitivity: 89,1% – neoplasms, 79,6% – HPV, 86,3% – Acne
Specificity: 95,3%

Risk Assessment Results
high/low

Skin cancer type Total cases Low risk High risk Sensitivity*
(Pre) malignant case* 285 31 254 89,1%
Acne 285 39 246 86,3%
HPV 285 58 227 79,6%
Low risk (Benign) low risk high risk Specificity**
Benign cases 6000 5,607 393 93.5%

* Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the number of cases of skin pathology correctly determined by the algorithm (precancerous diseases and malignant tumors, acne and HPV) to the number of all clinically confirmed cases, respectively.

** Specificity is equal to the number of benign cases correctly classified by the algorithm as low risk (true negative cases), divided by the total number of all clinically confirmed benign cases.
The results obtained above followed closely the experimental setup proposed in 1 * in terms of relevant class distributions and a total number of cases.

Conclusions

The results of the accuracy of the neural network are comparable with the accuracy of dermatologists obtained in studies (5 *, 6 *) and can be considered as an expert system for supporting the adoption of a medical decision.

Sensitivity Scale for Medical Professionals & Skinive
Pic: Health Professionals Accuracy Scale

The results of the comparative analysis cannot be interpreted unambiguously and can not be fully reliable, as in the datasets were used data from different sources. The lack of open data (photos) and common approach to validating decisions from different manufacturers do not allow independent benchmarking, needed to confirm the effectiveness of the method in general and objective comparison of existing solutions. Nevertheless, the results obtained above are on par with medical professionals and can be further improved with additional data and more optimized algorithms.

The lack of open validation datasets (images) and a common approach of different developers to decision validating do not allow them to conduct independent benchmarking, which is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the method in general and objective comparison of existing solutions.

Future research is needed to define the role and assess the impact of mobile applications on the health system and its users and to further discuss the implementation of common methodologies to assess the effectiveness of mobile applications for assessing the risk of skin diseases.

 

P.S.

We are open to collaborative research with other datasientist teams and can provide access to our validated dataset upon request.

We are ready to provide a full version of our study for the following purposes:

  • publications in medical journals and print media;
  • reviews by medical and technical experts;
  • partners, corporate clients, investors (on NDA terms until the moment of official publication in open sources).

Сontact us in a convenient way

 

Note: This is not the current version of the report!

Skinive improved the accuracy of the neural network in 2021 and published the data. The latest version of the report is available at the link – https://shatiko.pp.ua/skinive-accuracy2021/


AI EXPERT REVIEW

Research work described in this article was conducted by the authors during the Rockstart AI acceleration program in ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands . The purpose of the study was threefold:

  1. Identify a representative and balanced set of images that can be made available to all researchers utilizing computer vision and machine learning for classification of skin lesions.
  2. Create a benchmark for evaluation of all similar methods in this field.
  3. Compare Skinive results to state of the art in the field on the basis of the defined benchmark and data; put those results in the context of medical professionals’ performance.

As part of the acceleration program, I have had weekly sessions with the Skinive technical team, overseeing the experimental setup, dataset composition, class distribution and other relevant aspects in creation of such a benchmark. To the best of my knowledge, the benchmark satisfies all the necessary criteria and is thus a good candidate for a golden standard for other researchers in the field in testing the performance of their algorithms.

In addition, the authors and I rigorously inspected results of all the experiments, including those shown in this report. The authors went to great lengths to ensure that these results are not only optimal for their use-case, but also comparable to state-of-the-art in the field as well as human medical experts.


MEDICAL EXPERT REVIEW

On the article “Analysis of Skinive algorithm’s accuracy for risk assessment of skin conditions, based on machine learning algorithms.” (Authors: K.Atstarov, A.Lian, V.Shpudeiko, A.Ahushevich, I.Lichko).

This article is devoted to the urgent problem of dermatovenerology – the study of the prospects for the use in medicine of machine learning algorithms for processing medical images, which will improve the early diagnosis of skin oncopathologies. The aim of the study was to study the diagnostic accuracy of the Skinive mobile application and to compare the results with the previously published work of Skinvision B.V.

As a result of the studies, the authors established the sensitivity (79,6%-89.1%) and specificity (93.5%) of the Skinive mobile application, which indicates a high level of the diagnostic method, but there is a need to improve the sensitivity level for detecting skin cancer.

Conclusion: This article was written at a high scientific level. The structure of the article consistently reflects the logic of the study. It should be noted that the article is written in clear language, not overloaded with highly specialized terminology. The findings of the authors are well-founded. The results of the work may be useful to oncodermatologists, dermatovenerologists, as well as general practitioners.

Reference:

1. Accuracy of a smartphone application for triage of  skin lesions based on machine learning algorithms
A. Udrea, G.D. Mitra, D. Costea, E.C. Noels, M. Wakkee, D.M. Siegel, JEADV; accepted for publication. T.M. de Carvalho, T.E.C. Nijsten. Published on September 08, 2019.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jdv.15935

2. Where machines could replace humans—and where they can’t (yet)
Michael Chui, James Manyika, and Mehdi Miremadi 

https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet

3. The practice of radiology needs to change
Giles Maskell. Published on June 19, 2017

http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2017/06/19/giles-maskell-the-practice-of-radiology-needs-to-change/

4. Using Deep Learning to Inform Differential Diagnoses of Skin Diseases
Yuan Liu, PhD, Software Engineer and Peggy Bui, MD, Google Health. Published on September 12, 2019

https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/09/using-deep-learning-to-inform.html

5. Assessing diagnostic skill in dermatology: a comparison between general practitioners and dermatologists.
Tran H1, Chen K, Lim AC, Jabbour J, Shumack S. Published in November, 2005

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16197420

6. Comparison of dermatologic diagnoses by primary care practitioners and dermatologists. A review of the literature.
Federman DG1, Concato J, Kirsner RS. Published in April, 1999

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10101989

7. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence.
Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal A, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, Gupta N,
Gangakhedkar RR. Published on March 30, 2020

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32242874

8. Accuracy classification score.
scikit-learn developers (BSD License). Published in October, 2019

https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score.html

9. CrossEntropyLoss
Torch Contributors

https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nn.html#crossentropyloss

10. BCELoss
Torch Contributors

https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nn.html#torch.nn.BCELoss

11. AWS GDPR Data Processing Addendum – Now Part of Service Terms
Chad Woolf. Published on May 22, 2018

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/aws-gdpr-data-processing-addendum/

12. Navigating GDPR Compliance on AWS
Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. Published in October, 2019

https://d1.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/compliance/GDPR_Compliance_on_AWS.pdf

[AI Generated] What Causes Multiple Skin Tags?

OpenAI NN input:

Skin tags are harmless growths on the skin that can vary in number. They are usually the same color as your skin or slightly darker. These tiny pieces of tissue are composed of blood vessels and a type of protein fiber called collagen. They project from the surrounding skin on a thin or thick stalk. While most skin tags are small, pinhead-sized bumps, they may become as large as a grape.

Skin tags can develop on any part of the body, but they most commonly grow on areas of high friction or areas that are commonly rubbed, such as:

  • neck
  • breasts
  • groin
  • stomach
  • eyelids
  • underarms

[Generated by OpenAI]

Males and females are equally prone to getting skin tags. However, people may be more likely to develop skin tags if they are obese, are pregnant, or have diabetes.”

How does a pinhead-sized bump look? Many people believe that pinhead bumps are caused by the way a small patch of tissue, called a “shrunken cell,” develops, which is sometimes called inflammation. When you take a pinhead bumpsicle (or an egg carton) and make it into a pinhead-sized bump, it will usually begin to contract more and you will see the bumps grow. (Some people believe that pinhead bumps may not just come from growing on your skin.)

If you notice pinhead bumps, a red light goes on your skin and it starts to move across the red spot. You may see the bumps appear on the face of the head or in the hairline on your neck. It will then turn to dark purple. While it may or may not happen, you are still able to see a light green band of red.

The green is called a “rushed” area. The green bumps appear when your skin starts to develop. When the bumps grow too fast or too slowly, they are called red blotches. The yellow or darker patches appear on the forehead of the head, or at the base of the hairline. The red and green spots can be small or larger. Some people think that the bumps may be from other causes (pigmentation problems) or that they are caused by a virus. When you take a pinhead bumpsicle (or an egg carton) and make it into a Pinhead Shrunken Cell, it will usually take a few days to heal fully before it regrowed.

The “scarfiness” from your bumps is actually caused by the way your hair grows, rather than your genes. As long as you do not grow any other skin cells, all your hair will continue growing. It is important that you know this is not true. When your hair grows properly, and you keep growing other hair follicles, patches and hair cells will remain in place, which is the real root cause of your hair growth problems.

[AI Generated] What is heat rash?

OpenAI NN input:

Many different types of skin rashes exist. They can be concerning, uncomfortable, or downright painful. One of the most common types is heat rash, or miliaria.

Heat rash is a skin condition that often affects children and adults in hot, humid weather conditions. You can develop heat rash when your pores become blocked and sweat can’t escape.

The cause of heat rash is often friction on the surface of the skin. Adults usually develop heat rash on the parts of their bodies that rub together, such as between the inner thighs or under the arms. Babies often develop heat rash on their necks, but it can also develop in skin folds such as those of the armpits, elbows, and thighs.

[Generated by OpenAI]

People who have a rash typically have a rash that is too big to take care of and it can seem small when they are in the bathroom. Heat rash is extremely common, so you should use safe sleeping pads and wash regularly while in the bathroom, shower, or in the shower.

In some situations some people experience a heat rash, but sometimes the skin gets covered in other things, such as the hair, nails, or body parts!Heat rash is most common if there are multiple skin rashes and you notice any of the skin rashes in one area. If the skin rashes look together in one spot, then you can get a heat rash.

When doing some hair care work or making a new foundation, you should take your hair and remove the skin rashes. Many new foundation owners use this care for their own hair, nails, skin, or body. This is something you can do if you find yourself having a rash. Some people do not remove their razor but some of them do remove and remove hair that is not completely dry. Do not use any brush that gets into your face or to the face of your child or to the body. If anyone you know does have a rash, tell your pediatrician!

It may also happen while working on a foundation, and it may have a different meaning or come from other areas and it could be a cause for heat rash or burns. Many people may have skin rashes to the left or right of the eyes or even on a finger or cheek. There is nothing wrong with skin rashes. Some people may have a rash that goes up to the nose, mouth, or chin, when they are brushing their teeth, so it may look like it is coming from the face or hair. It may also happen when you get to work, or when you have a job for a long time.

If your skin rashes are very frequent, there is a good chance that you are pregnant or are trying to leave you. If this happened during a night or a day care visit, call your doctor right away. The risk of heat rash or burns is very small. Always wear a rash mask, but do not leave your home if it comes in contact with you. Your doctor will check your skin to make sure you have enough air to cover up the rash or you may develop skin rashes. You may need a referral to a dermatologist or a certified dermatologist.

You are covered under the National Program for Child Dermatology in the same way as you are covered under Medicare. All children under 8 years old have access to safe access to safe child care and care.

[AI Generated] What is rhinophyma?

OpenAI NN input:

Rhinophyma is a skin disorder characterized by a large, red, bumpy or bulbous nose. It can occur as part of phymatous rosacea. The exact cause of rhinophyma is unknown, but it’s considered a subtype of severe rosacea. This condition is significantly more common in men, especially between the ages of 50 to 70 years.
Overall, rosacea is a common, chronic inflammatory skin condition. It causes irregular redness or flushing of your face, particularly in the cheeks or nasal areas. Small, red bumps filled with pus, called pustules, may appear on your face as part of this condition. According to the National Rosacea Society (NRS), more than 16 million Americans are affected by rosacea.
A worldwide expert panel on rosacea has identified four subtypes. The subtypes can range from mild to severe. It isn’t unusual for individuals to have more than one subtype.
Rhinophyma is classified as part of subtype 3 rosacea. It forms gradually over several years and is believed to be the result of poorly treated or untreated rosacea. The outcome is usually a large mass on the lower half of your nose.

[Generated by OpenAI]

The National Association of Rosacea Society estimates that more than 1 in 3 Americans without rosacea will experience one or more of these symptoms after undergoing at least six weeks of treatment. Rosacea causes many serious problems, including itching, irritation, dry skin, or other symptoms that can be quite life threatening.

These include:· Skin rashes, rash, and a rash-colored skin in your eyes, nose, and lips.· Reaching a high-risk for serious disease such as psoriasis , pustules, and other skin lesions. You may also have more serious skin diseases such as rashes that can lead to a rash, and may even become discoloring, discolored or discolored in some places in your family.· Skin lumps, small or large bumps, or dry-colored scaly, discolored or discolored patches.· Skin irritation that is not as severe as it sounds when you are on the skin and often can be difficult to get medical help or repair.

A discolored, discolored skin or discolored, damaged face. You may also have a red, discolored face, or if you suffer from psoriasis, you may also have scarring on the face. Although many people may have a psoriasis reaction, many others do not have it, even if they are having an autoimmune reaction or even even if they develop symptoms of a rashes. When you are not affected by rashes with little or no treatment, you may have a better immune system because of your immune system.

What happens if you decide to go to the doctor and ask your dermatologist a question about possible causes for the rash?

Depending on the case, you may be told to use soap, moisturizers, a cream of natural ingredients, and a treatment for some of these problems or a combination of these factors. If the symptoms are not clear for as long as time, you may have to seek medical advice about what treatment should be started and how long, or a doctor will give you a doctor’s opinion about what treatment is needed. Sometimes it should be started by a dermatologist or other healthcare professional on an interim basis, or in conjunction with a medical professional.

How can I know if I have my symptoms right?

For a physician, your symptoms may not appear as bad to the public because this treatment might be the only thing you have that may keep you well. You don’t have to be an expert on your skin care to know if your symptoms may bother your skin care provider and your dermatologist.

Doctors will be able to diagnose the conditions of your skin or a condition that may be causing the rash that you were having. For a physician, the doctor may be able to tell if your symptoms are the result of a virus for which there are no symptoms, a medical condition, or a combination of the two.

  • For a healthcare worker, these types of diagnostics will include:
  • Treatment for a condition where the rash may be visible.
  • For a family member suffering from psoriasis.
  • For a doctor, the family member is the only person caring for the child or loved one.
  • The child or loved one may have to be taken for a treatment, such as antibiotics.
  • Any kind of medication or treatment for a severe disorder may be used within the following time limits:
  • For a person with an early onset of psoriasis, antibiotics are used in conjunction with a treatment or treatment for a severe disorder.
  • For a doctor who is not licensed to practice medicine.

What is the best way to find out if I have rashes and how can I tell them apart?

For your dermatologist, look for evidence of rashes or skin rash that might be causing a condition that you do not have. These red circles (black, purple, or red lines) are often caused by the bacteria in skin when it’s damaged (for example, by bacteria in the skin’s air sacs, the air sacs beneath your feet and in the air tightness of the skin and lungs).

[AI Generated] What are human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV?

OpenAI NN input:

Although human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both infections that can be transmitted sexually, there’s no medical link between the two conditions.

However, the behaviors that put someone at risk of contracting HIV can also raise the risk for getting HPV.

[Generated by OpenAI]

What are human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV?

Although human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both infections that can be transmitted sexually, there’s no medical link between the two conditions.

However, the behaviors that put someone at risk of contracting HIV can also raise the risk for getting HPV.

For example, about 20 percent of women who become infected with HPV after HPV-negative sexual intercourse are at increased risk for developing HIV, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. “The most common HIV infection among women (20 percent) with a past history of past exposure to HPV [and 25 percent] were genital warts and had detectable sex drives before and after infection,” says researchers. The researchers are currently using data collected from 11 million girls, especially children and teens, to assess the link between being a woman’s likely risk of developing HIV and the condition that causes it by sexually transmitted HPV.

The study also found that women who reported having sex with the same partners on sexual occasions but who also reported having HIV reported that they were more likely to have HIV-2 and genital warts or genital warts within the past year, a number that may decrease with each update, the researchers write in their paper, a “strong correlation appears”.Researchers identified HPV infections that were associated with greater risk for HPV-type illnesses, including human papillomavirus, whooping cough, and cervical cancer.

For example, almost three-quarters of young men infected with hepatitis A were HPV-positive before the age of 18, compared to only 1 percent with HPV-type illnesses.Women who developed HSV-1 and HPV-type illnesses are more likely to have HPV-2 (23 percent vs 18 percent), which is associated with fewer symptoms, and have increased risk for developing C-reactive virus, a sexually transmitted disease that can lead to menopause (23 percent vs 18 percent), according to the CDC.The findings suggest that when women have sex with men and men who have sex with girls, but who also have HPV-1, HPV-2, or even other HIV-specific diseases, the transmission risk for this type of illness is much higher.

HPV-1, and HPV-2, are not thought to be infectious, but they can spread via touch or touchy-feely intercourse.”The higher the amount of viral load on a person’s genital tract, the more likely they are to get HPV-1 than HPV-2, but there are other sexually transmitted diseases that can be associated with infection like penile herpes,” says lead author and virologist Dr. David M. Wesson of the University of Utah School of Medicine and Brigham & Women’s Hospital.Women who have had sex with the same partners and have HPV-1, HPV-2, or H1N1, the viral strain that causes menopause, in between sexual exposures also show an increased risk for H1N1.

Women who had sex with men and men who have sex with girls also report more menopause, as do those who have sex with people who are menopause and those who have sex with people who are also HIV-positive.HIV-positive women have an up-regulation of the BRCA1, which is known to be associated with more HIV-positive women than do men.The researchers believe that when the human papillomavirus is transmitted, this may increase the risk of transmission for women who are at increased risk.

“Women who have had sex with men and women who have sex with girls have an increased risk of transmission from genital HPV to the BRCA1,” says Wesson. “HIV-negative women with a history of past exposure to genital HPV may not have ever had anal intercourse. It’s also possible that women who have sexual partners who have been vaccinated against Hiv in the past are more likely to develop viral serologic testing for hepatitis C than those who remain unvaccinated for HIV.”

[AI Generated] Acne types

OpenAI NN input:

You may hear the term “breakout” used to describe all forms of acne, but this isn’t always an accurate description. Not all types of acne spread across the skin.

Clogged pores cause acne itself. These may be attributed to:

  • excess production of oil (sebum)
  • bacteria
  • hormones
  • dead skin cells
  • ingrown hairs

[Generated by OpenAI]

Furuncles can cause permanent cuts within one’s body, and even infection of an eye area.Furuncles heal quickly and have no visible symptoms, but if you suffer from skin infection or bleeding that persists, be prepared to seek medical attention immediately. It may take up to three to five weeks for the furuncle to fully heal. The same is true for boils. If your hair follicle has turned red, it is likely because your hair follicle has been exposed to bacteria, fungus, or fungi or some other organism.

Fungi, fungi, viruses, etc. can also cause furune conditions and even lead to inflammation, even fatal. In rare cases, a furuncle may lead to cancer or even a heart attack. In the very rare cases that a furuncle is found, you might receive a mastitis attack, which can cause cancer. You may also report a furuncle to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which would be the first and only warning sign of a furuncle or infection. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is also involved in furouetting and this can cause a furuncle attack or other severe symptoms that include bleeding…

If you have any of the following, consult your veterinarian before you attempt furunnerization: The majority of furuncle-infected women are over age 65. The average age for a woman who enters a furunnering is 18. Women may also have a history of having a furuncle before, during, or after childbirth.A furunner may cause pain in your legs, buttocks, and face–it may also bleed and swell if it gets in your way.

A furuncle can also cause difficulty walking, bending, sitting, lying down, or moving your hands or feet around. The furuncle is caused by bacteria called fungi or bacteria and sometimes found in the hair follicle. In rare cases, the infection may be caused by bacteria alone.For more information about the treatment of furunnering, go to http://www.gfda.gov/furusandbreast.htm.

[AI Generated] What is Furuncles treatement?

OpenAI NN input:
Furuncle is another word for a boil. Boils are bacterial or fungal infections of hair follicles. The infected hair follicle can be on any part of your body, not only your scalp. When the hair follicle becomes infected, the skin around it becomes inflamed. The furuncle looks like a red, raised bump on your skin and will rupture and weep fluid.

Furuncles are most commonly found on the face and neck. You might also develop a boil on your thigh or buttocks.

[Generated by OpenAI]

Sometimes skin problems may worsen quickly after using your skin care product because of irritation or a reaction. Try not to use this product while you are using natural cleansing products as the reaction may not heal.
If you’ve never used an anion, don’t try this at home. The anion is very weak (sodium hydroxide), and may cause an allergic reaction—that does not show up if all the ingredients in your product are correctly mixed (as in the picture above). These are common types of allergic reactions that can not cure, but can sometimes cause problems when applied to other skin care products.

Keep the aion away from your skin. If you take a lot of alcohol or drugs, it may make you ill. Your dermatologist will be able to tell which drugs are safe, and if you’re using any of them, to treat the trouble.
You may never see changes in your skin that might help reduce your chances of getting an allergic reaction. Some of the other symptoms listed above may happen in the following years. Be sure to talk with your doctor to see if the signs and symptoms are related to an anion, a skin condition like eczema, cystic fibrosis, or a skin disorder.

If you suspect an allergic reaction, ask your doctor if there is any medication that has the potential to cause an immune reaction. In these cases, your dermatologist will be able to see if there’s any evidence to suggest that using an anion is a good thing. You may want to see your doctor first.

If an anion is used under normal circumstances, you should not try to fight it. If the reaction doesn’t resolve, continue using the product
An anion can interfere with skin’s healing function or skin care functions. Your skin may respond poorly to any anion or other skin product that may have some effect on the healing processes of the skin. Your skin healing function might then be damaged. However, no skin damage is caused by an anion. You may be able to use the product properly if you know how, how quickly, or who has access to an anion.

Most of the time, it’s best to get a regular checkup of your skin every three months before using any of your products. Your dermatologist may ask if you’d like to check your skin before starting any new skin care product. The doctor may find that there’s an increasing risk that some of the skin-related conditions are developing to make your skin more sensitive to an anion.
Keep a journal for all of your medical information.

Your doctor could order a test for a skin type or a condition that’s been evaluated to determine if you have an allergic reaction. (An anion test involves checking for an allergic response, and the skin test can be done right away when you buy the product.) If you have problems getting an anion, ask your doctor before making any decisions with your health care provider. You may also be advised to seek treatment with an anion.

[AI Generated] What are vesicles?

OpenAI NN input:

Vesicles are small, fluid-filled sacs that can appear on your skin. The fluid inside these sacs may be clear, white, yellow, or mixed with blood.

Vesicles are also sometimes referred to as blisters or bullae, though there are slight size differences among the three. Vesicles are typically about 5 to 10 millimeters in diameter. If the sacs become larger than that, they’re classified as blisters. If they have a diameter of at least half a centimeter, they’re known as bullae.

[Generated by OpenAI]

Even if you live with a person with psoriasis, it’s a treatable problem. People without psoriasis often get a lot of help from family members to control their symptoms and avoid some of the side effects of other illnesses. If you experience symptoms such as dryness, fever, dizziness, dryness, or tingling in your hands and feet, talk with you about these possible conditions. If you feel discomfort or loss of sight in your hands and feet with psoriasis and try to stop that condition from changing, consider talking with your doctor or any health care provider.

How do I deal with my psoriasis?

Some symptoms of psoriasis usually don’t come from the body, but from the environment. In some cases, it may be hard to go to the doctor because of a condition called hemolytic anemia and skin eruptions. You might also have the condition of the skin, called retinitis pigmentosa — or TRPK. It starts and goes in the body, usually in a healthy person, but can appear in people with other illnesses.

If you have your symptoms from a condition like Mere Rhinitis (or a skin disease called rheumatoid arthritis), you’ll see many symptoms. The worst part is that this can’t happen for a long time. This might be due to a few small genetic mutations, but it probably never happens.

Some people with trichomoniasis who have psoriasis can have an increase in the color of the skin between periods of age. If this happens for any length of time, the changes may happen only temporarily — usually when there is no other reason for the color change. As with TRPK, people with trichomoniasis can have unusual symptoms. They get an increase in their normal skin color before the changes happen.

A second possible cause is skin inflammation. Over time, a person’s body cells develop the right sort of immune response to the infection, called a “protective” reaction. In the absence of this protective response, your body cells make antibodies to the disease. This triggers a process called inflammation.

The more the immune system works against the disease, the better your body looks for other threats. One reason that people with psoriasis get sick is that their bodies have evolved a way to block and block certain kinds of infections, which allows your body to survive.

Your immune system also works to make sure that other parts of your body do not get sick. When that happens, the symptoms often stop. If you feel discomfort or loss of movement in your hands and feet with psoriasis, talk to your doctor. Your doctor might recommend you talk with your doctor about that, as well.

If you can’t talk with your doctor for a few days or even months, it may be necessary to seek medical help through a health care provider.

If treatment is not working for you in a day or two, or if your condition worsens and your needs change, the next time you might experience psoriasis, get help.

[AI Generated] What Type of Acne Do You Have?

OpenAI NN input:

Acne is a broad term that encompasses a variety of skin ailments. It’s a condition that involves much more than an occasional pimple or zit. Acne comes in varying severity and it affects everyone differently. In order to successfully treat your acne, it’s essential to recognize and diagnose the different acne types you are struggling with (you may have more than one). Bear with us, these aren’t the nicest names or descriptions.

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It’s the result of a variety of sources, and it’s not uncommon for pimples and inflammation to be present in many women’ and a combination of factors can lead to scarring of the skin or scarring of the testicles, the bladder and the abdomen’.

What is “Scarring?”
Scarring is the condition of acne or burning or discoloration in the skin. It is a phenomenon caused when the testicles of many women have formed an irregular capillary ridge called a melanin or ring. In a patient with acne, they usually start in just one spot of their skin. The spots start to break and break when a pimple on the testicle begins to form where there has been exposure to sunlight. As sun exposure increases, the spots expand further and break down more quickly. The symptoms can lead to scaly rashes, inflammation in the skin, and an increased risk of other skin conditions, including skin cancer’.

These problems can be very disabling for women, but for those who have already had skin blemishes, it is important to have an open, positive look without any problems during routine, preventive or dermatological treatment. The only way to truly change a woman’s complexion is to put herself in the sun, and do it quickly.

If you suffer from acne, we strongly recommend using topical creams and sun protection when you are taking part in cosmetic treatments. We understand your issues and will take your case seriously.<

[AI Generated] What Is a Maculopapular Rash?

OpenAI NN input:

Overview
A maculopapular rash is made of both flat and raised skin lesions. The name is a blend of the words “macule,” which are flat discolored skin lesions, and “papule,” which are small raised bumps. These skin lesions are usually red and can merge together. Macules that are bigger than 1 centimeter are considered patches, while papules that are merged together are considered plaques.

A maculopapular rash is a marker for many diseases, allergic reactions, and infections. Most of the time, the cause is a viral infection. See a doctor if you have a maculopapular rash. The rash could indicate a serious disease.

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Some people are allergic to food or cosmetics because of the food on the skin during or after contact with food or skin-eating animals or foods. This includes eating, eating with meat, fish or poultry; or eating with animals that were killed by the animals (cattle or rabbits, poultry, piglets, or fish) or other animals or foods. There is a lot of risk if your skin is red or red rash. See Your dermatologist or pharmacist if any of the following are true. A skin rash may develop when a lot of raw materials on the skin are applied to the skin, which may cause a rash and increase swelling and tenderness.

In most people, the skin can become irritated, and the rash may become so much scar tissue that it can take two to three weeks to fade away
Certain medications, including antihistamines and anti-histamines, may be necessary to help with the skin reaction to those medications (or any possible treatment, if any, that doesn’t work).

Certain medications (such as antihistamines and anti-histamines) may be necessary to help with the skin reaction to those medications (or any possible treatment, if any, that doesn’t work). People who have severe skin conditions can be able to shed their rash after treatment with medications that are not needed with treatment

Skin rashes may cause a mild and sometimes severe itching that lasts for five to 12 weeks. They can also cause inflammation in the skin. A person with dermatodysplastic rhinitis may have a rash that becomes more red and swollen, but it may also go away.

A rash may be present up to 6 to 12 weeks after the onset of a dermatologic illness that affects the skin. Some types of rash include

[AI Generated] Overview of raised skin bumps

OpenAI NN input:

Raised skin bumps are very common, and in most cases they’re harmless. They can result from a number of conditions, including infections, allergic reactions, skin disorders, and skin cancer.

Skin bumps can vary in appearance and number depending on the cause. They may be the same color as your skin or a different color. They may be itchy, large, or small. Some can be hard while others can feel soft and movable.

Most skin bumps don’t need treatment. However, you should speak with your doctor if your bumps are causing discomfort. You should also call your doctor if you’re concerned about any changes in your bumps or in the overall condition of your skin.

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The majority of skin cancer can be prevented.

Most doctors recommend avoiding eye contact as a last resort, and in some areas use ear balm when using ear products.

Although most people can help by using a brush or something similar, there are a number of factors that can make it challenging to stop, say experts.

For example, if you’ve been diagnosed with acne or other skin conditions, then you may have developed a condition that may be causing you some discomfort and itching, says Dr. Lilloo.

If you don’t want to face problems, it’s best to stay off the water with your face wash, says Dr. Lilloo.

But it may be worth going to a friend. Most dermatologists recommend that if it’s a face wash, don’t have it on.

Do you know of any other dermatologists that can work best with your face wash?

You should visit your doctor if it’s a problem with your skin, ask for a visit to your doctor’s office, ask for a prescription or go online.

What are your tips for dealing with a skin rash? Do you have any other skin problems that may be causing problems in your skin or might be a factor? Let us know in the comments below!

Do you regularly wear makeup? Does your skin look like a different type of condition? Please share your experiences with Cosmopolitan’s community member “ShannaS” at Cosmopolitan.com/ShannaLilly<|endoftext|>A new study published by the University of Alabama at Birmingham warns that a new breed of cannabis use is linked to a higher incidence of chronic hepatitis C hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans.

HCV is a type of infectious viral infection that causes an increase in blood and body fluids. It’s similar to cancer, but it can cause a liver and immune system problem. In both cases, people who engage in heavy use of cannabis use hepatitis C (HCV) have higher rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) than other individuals.

Researchers had originally thought that HCV was linked to more frequent marijuana use, and the study has now been published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

However, in its latest study, the researchers found that a dose of cannabidiol (CBD) used daily for 8 weeks increased the rate of HCV in two separate cohorts: those who used cannabis and those who not. This increase didn’t occur in the study participants who used marijuana, although it did occur in the subjects who did not use cannabis.

Hepatitis C, the liver and immune system crisis is particularly important in developing children who are sensitive to their environment, and who grow marijuana indoors while a family member uses it for an extended period.

This was not the first study to address the association between regular use of cannabis for cannabis use and chronic HCV in humans, but researchers have been exploring the role of recreational marijuana use to find out if it holds any significant health benefits for people who use the drug. In 2012, the American Psychological Association (APA) issued a call for research that would explore the benefits of recreational use of marijuana to reduce chronic, high-dose HCV in humans: a study which would see if there were any benefits to people who tried to use for medical reasons.

The study included an additional 2,944 participants while the current study was conducted after July 2012. The participants used a cannabis supplement called CBD or CBD-CBD, as the name suggests, a brand of cannabis that is more similar to CBD.

The trial began when researchers in Durham, North Carolina noticed that the participants who had used marijuana for medical purposes showed elevated levels of blood clotting factors such as elevated levels of the viral RNA called HIV RNA or hepatitis C.

To investigate further a more comprehensive study could have led to a better understanding of the side effects of the substance.

“The findings were published by researchers with the University of Alabama in Birmingham today, so this is a landmark study in our understanding of this substance,” said Dr. Peter Della Salo, lead author of the study and author of the study.

However, Salo admits that his research focuses on small samples at the moment because no larger cohort studies could be done.

“There are significant limitations to this study, as the study sample size is small,” he said. “But it’s clear that even as large a sample size, our study shows that, in a population like this, it’s important to look at the underlying mechanisms by which cannabis or other illegal substances cause chronic, high-dose HCV in healthy people in order to determine the extent to which this causes chronic, high-dose HCV.”


[AI Generated] All About Common Skin Disorders.

OpenAI NN input:

Skin disorders vary greatly in symptoms and severity. They can be temporary or permanent, and may be painless or painful. Some have situational causes, while others may be genetic. Some skin conditions are minor, and others can be life-threatening.

While most skin disorders are minor, others can indicate a more serious issue. Contact your doctor if you think you might have one of these common skin problems.

Pictures of different skin disorders
There are many different types of skin disorders. Here is a list of 25 with pictures.

Warning: graphic images ahead.

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For Your Health! Skin Problems Can Be Cured<|endoftext|>We asked readers about their views on the new book ‘The Last Battle of Britain’. They took our questions and shared with us their own, personal opinions, and we’ve chosen to share our ‘I Am Not Here To Speak’.”This is a book that can be used to support or help you, and one that will help shape your future. Its purpose is to help you decide where you want to live, find good mates, start a family and start your own economy.”What are the key findings?

I’m not here to rant and rave about the books but to share experiences – with you – that we would like to share.

“Britain’s Future: How Economic Freedom Grows and Fails in Britain and the World” is to support the ongoing efforts of the UK government to strengthen economic and social policies. The UK’s current economic growth profile is poor, and many will not realize this until a few months after their election to leave the European Union. The main objective of this book is both to make sure that UK economic growth remains resilient, and will remain sustainable for decades to come.”<|endoftext|>”It’s not a great start to the season and we’re starting to get better at the games – especially when it comes to team chemistry we’ve had in the past and we’ve gotten better against people who work with them. The challenge when it comes to having this sort of chemistry we’ve got, we’ve been at this stage of getting better and better and winning more games – there are just too many ways to get better, to win.

“And our team is struggling to do that because we’re getting better and better, and that’s only going to have to be through this and hopefully this will be a starting point. I don’t think I’ve played as many games as I should but I can tell you that we need to be better and better, because obviously sometimes we need a third goal and we don’t need a fourth goal and we need to have more scoring chances. I think we have this year’s players that know they have to play that way, and they’ve learned that. They’re all on the field doing that and just continuing to develop their game.

“I don’t think my teammates are making the kind of decision to stick with me like we’ve done with last year and then go into the season when we should stick to you and give you that opportunity. I know they have, but I would like the team members that do the things that they do the best to go out and play for that type of opportunity and continue to win on a team that we’re going to get it done, but we want to keep this going as best we can, and so I think that’s going to be the case this year. If this year goes well and we start winning again and that momentum doesn’t end up ending up in a bad place, it just gets stronger. We’ve got to keep this up. I’m really looking forward to playing on Tuesday when we’ll be back with the fans and I’ll be excited to be with you all next year.<|endoftext|>One of the things he’s most proud of, and one his greatest fear

is the way we think of him. You’ve got to be a big man to be a big guy.

And the rest of us have to be bigger and better and better. And there’s nothing more dangerous in the world than you are to look down as an alien, a bad guy with a lot of energy, and be in awe of you.

He’ll never let you down and that’s not a bad quality.<|endoftext|>One of the most popular recipes in Italian cooking is called alla ella, which means ‘grit’. The name means ‘grind’ and it’s used to describe the taste of raw meat. The name comes from the Sanskrit word for ‘gravy’, which is meant to take the same sense as the name of meat: grit.

According to the Italian, the most common method for making ricotta, a ‘grind’ method comes from the Greeks – there’s no known way of using them to make a good ricotta.

There are various ways that the ricotta could be made – a mixture may be made with a mixture of water, some salt, onion powder and cayenne pepper. However it is essential to keep in mind that these are not all the best methods, and you can add to many other recipes.

One of the many recipes for ricotta is a la familia, which means ‘grit’. The name comes from the Greek for ‘grit’. It is made from the Latin name of the word that means salt and means ‘grindica’. It is cooked with an Italian red. The Italian cooks their grit is called as well cooked, and it is

[AI Generated] Overview of skin flushing

OpenAI NN input:

Skin flushing or blushing describes feelings of warmth and rapid reddening of your neck, upper chest, or face. Blotchiness or solid patches of redness are often visible when blushing.

Flushing happens as a result of increased blood flow. Whenever there is more blood flow to an area of skin (such as your cheeks), the blood vessels enlarge to compensate. This enlargement is what gives skin the “flushed” effect.

Flushed skin is a common physical response to anxiety, stress, embarrassment, anger, or another extreme emotional state. Facial flushing is usually more of a social worry than a medical concern.

However, flushing may be linked to an underlying medical issue, such as Cushing disease or a niacin overdose. Be sure to check with your healthcare provider if you have recurring skin flushing or blushing.”

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When this occurs, the flushing skin turns red and inflates again. Once again, you can develop flushing symptoms with your dermatologist, although there’s no guarantee that you will develop all the symptoms. It is important that you discuss your symptoms with your dermatologist if you haven’t seen a recent study.

Most of us suffer from common and persistent blisters (or dry skin) that are caused by a disorder called dermatophagous seborrheic dermatitis that causes blackheads. Skin flushing is usually a sign of an inflammation of the skin around your cheeks, but can be caused by any number of factors, such as exposure to light, sunlight, or infections. It’s not clear if the reaction is caused by a skin condition known as an eczema or an overactive acne.

When your acne develops, you develop a flare-up of your skin. The flare-up begins when your skin suddenly turns red and a rash appears, which can be a sign that the dermatologists are getting into your skin. The flare-up lasts until you feel pain. In patients with eczema, however, the reaction happens in the skin before the symptoms begin. If dermatophagous seborrheic dermatitis doesn’t go away, the doctor may try to treat you by removing all your skinflushes, which are caused by an infection that is present in your skin.

The doctor could try to reduce exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from a solar light bulb.If you’re having a flare-up, the doctor will call your dermatologist to check. It can take you up to 24 hours if your dermatologist sees any redness and pain on the skin. If you have any of these symptoms at all, they can quickly cause an upset. For more information, see your dermatologist.

[AI Generated] What is a skin abscess?

OpenAI NN input:

A skin abscess, also called a boil, is a bump that appears within or below the skin’s surface. This bump is usually full of pus or translucent fluid. It’s typically due to a bacterial infection.

A skin abscess may appear on any part of the body. However, abscesses most commonly develop on the back, face, chest, or buttocks. Skin abscesses can also appear in areas of hair growth, such as the underarms or groin.

Most skin abscesses are harmless and may go away without treatment. Over-the-counter creams and medications may be all that’s needed to help speed the healing process of a minor abscess. Sometimes, skin abscesses are more difficult to treat and may require laceration or drainage.

There are cases in which an abscess can lead to serious, potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated.

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The rash may begin in the nose and spread over the entire face causing additional symptoms such as headache, loss of vision and loss of ability to drive or walk.

If the rash does develop, it can become lodged in the skin or other exposed areas of the nose and cause skin rashes to develop as a result.

The rash can also have a short life span or life-span. It is generally not uncommon for a patient to find himself or herself in a coma or a mental hospital condition.

The typical complication is an infection. It is usually a very simple, or “easy” matter for the doctor to diagnose, and may involve hospitalization. The common complication is an infection with the Mecoccus rhizoma, called a “disease”, that often results from the infection.

If a patient comes into contact with the infected tissue, the patient will develop the infection without further symptoms, or a hospitalization is required.

[AI Generated] What is keratosis pilaris?

OpenAI NN input:

Keratosis pilaris or “chicken skin” is a common skin condition that causes patches of rough-feeling bumps to appear on the skin. These tiny bumps or pimples are actually dead skin cells plugging hair follicles. These bumps sometimes appear red or brown in color.

Chicken skin is commonly found on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks. Chicken skin isn’t contagious and these bumps don’t usually cause any discomfort or itching. This condition is known to worsen in the winter months when the skin tends to dry out, and may also worsen during pregnancy.

There’s no cure for this harmless, genetic skin condition, however there are some ways to treat it, or prevent it from getting worse. Keratosis pilaris will usually clear up naturally by the time you reach 30 years old. Keep reading to learn more.”

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What are the symptoms?

There are many main signs and symptoms that can interfere with skin care:

A redness. Blood loss due to the skin cells that form hair follicles. These white cells, when they grow too large, go into black spots on the side of your nose and throat. They cause the skin to become irritated.

The areas on your skin that turn brown, black or red can sometimes become slightly red or become more yellow than normal depending on the severity of your condition. The rash can be very painful, so don’t attempt to treat with a medication. If you are unsure if a rash is a sign, ask your doctor. You can also ask your dermatologist or dermatologist’s office to discuss other symptoms with your child’s physician.


If there are any bumps or pimples on the face of a baby, it’s caused by some sort of bacteria. In extreme cases, the baby’s nose may become dry, red, or gray.

Darkening the skin. Sometimes, a red-colored pimple develops on the face of a baby. If you see these bumps along with the redness, something very unusual, or if you have a rash, you may not need to see a doctor. If your child is born with red, swollen, or swollen or blemishes, you may want to consult an emergency clinic to see if you can get a blood test to try and see which part could be causing the rash.


Shattering a hair follicle. This is a common hair-trigger condition that can be treated as rash, but sometimes it still happens in your children without a diagnosis after having been treated by their doctor. Often, this reaction happens to babies of mothers who had a rash, usually in the morning (after morning hair removal). Because it often happens to all babies, many doctors will treat this with the use of a lotion or face wash.

Your doctor may tell you that you should avoid taking this, as any rash can happen during the night when your hair and nails are wet, but this rash can easily be avoided. After a doctor has performed X-rays for the rash, you’ll be able to see how strong the rash really is.